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在人工智能时代，谁拥有什么？

# 在人工智能时代，谁拥有什么？

斯普尔和费舍尔
- 8 4 月 2020

人工智能 (AI) 实验现在在南非公司中大量进行，许多企业表现出对 AI 的热情。多少热情？根据 Business Tech[1]（2019 年）的数据，超过 45% 的南非企业表示他们已经在其组织内积极试点人工智能。

由于机器人流程自动化 (RPA) 的快速兴起，隐喻机器人正在渗透组织并重塑业务流程，RPA 已成为 ICT 服务提供商提供的现成解决方案。一年前，4IR 大师 Arthur Goldstuck 说，“只有 6% 的南非企业在使用机器人技术。然后是 RPA 爆炸。现在这个数字是 37%（在《工程新闻》[2] 中，2019 年）。”

但是，急于发布机器人以寻求盈利能力不应以牺牲组织赖以建立的宝贵数据为代价。机器人带来了利润，是的，但它们也带来了所有权方面的挑战，而这些可能会证明成本高昂。

许多南非企业主都关心实际问题，例如：当您引导您的组织走上流程自动化、软件机器人、机器学习和人工神经网络的动态路径时，最聪明、最安全的方法是什么？谁拥有输出？可以拥有底层数据吗？如果是这样，谁拥有它？

### 首先，人工智能究竟是什么？

根据BuiltIn.com[3] (2017) 中DataRobot 首席执行官Jeremy Achin 的说法，人工智能通常分为两大类：“狭义人工智能”，它是对人类智能的模拟，通常专注于极其出色地执行单个任务，以及“通用人工智能（Artificial General Intelligence）或AGI，指的是具有通用智能的机器，可以像人类一样解决几乎任何问题。目前，大多数组织以算法的形式处理狭义的人工智能，作为更大的机器学习过程的一部分。

这是一个需要理解的重要概念，因为在机器学习中，规则实际上是由算法创建的，而不是由算法的开发人员创建的。

### 法律是怎么说的？

必须在材料实施形式的输出（如编译的数据库）和基础数据之间进行区分。尽管数据是一种受保护的利益，但我们的判例法似乎表明它可能无法被拥有。这与通常受版权法保护的数据的物质体现不同。

法律制度因国而异，但冒着概括的风险，基本原则是只有人类创造的东西才能受到版权保护。两种相关的版权作品形式是计算机程序和文学作品，根据南非版权法，计算机生成的版权作品的作者是对其创作进行必要安排的人。那么，当算法做出安排时，谁拥有作品的版权？人类确实如此。

重申一下，“作者”要么是首先制作或创造作品的人（在文学作品的情况下），要么是对程序的制作进行控制的人（在计算机程序的情况下）。即使人工智能在创建一组数据库结构和数据库方面发挥着不可或缺的作用，我们的法律也规定版权归作品的人类作者所有（或者归他们的雇主所有，如果他们受雇的话）。

### 其他需要考虑的问题

如果有外部服务提供商分析业务流程和实施解决方案，作者身份问题就会浮出水面，因为如果没有书面转让版权，服务提供商——而不是提供服务的组织——可能最终成为版权所有者.

考虑到不确定性，人工智能背景下的知识产权所有权应事先通过合同进行监管——各方应在人工智能系统开发之前决定谁将拥有什么。

从业务连续性的角度来看，确保组织获得使用 AI 算法的永久许可是一个好主意。许可证还可以规定将源代码和实施文档置于托管中。

合同中还可以包含一个特定且重点突出的贸易限制条款，以防止服务提供商为竞争对手的利益实施类似的人工智能解决方案。组织应该在行业中制定一个特定的部门，它希望通过限制来限制，并且只在合理要求的程度上保护机密信息。

合同还应包括必要的保密条款，以确定什么是机密信息以及如何处理这些信息。

- [1] [https://businesstech.co.za/news/enterprise/322505/how-ai-is-being-used-in-south-africa/](https://businesstech.co.za/news/enterprise/322505/how-ai-is-being-used-in-south-africa//)

- [2] [https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-african-enterprises-slow-to-adopt-ai-study-2019-07-04/rep_id:4136](https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-african-enterprises-slow-to-adopt-ai-study-2019-07-04/rep_id:4136)

- [3] [https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence](https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence)