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南非：五个普遍被误解的专利概念

# 南非：五个普遍被误解的专利概念

Lodewyk Cilliers 和 James Gerber
- 8 3 月 2019

我们的专利系统用于奖励具有有限垄断权的发明人或专利持有人，以换取发明的公开。然而，专利法的某些方面经常被发明者和申请人误解。

### 申请不是可执行的权利

获得专利始于提交临时申请。然后提交完整的专利申请，该申请成熟为授权专利。在专利被授予之前，申请人只是未决专利申请的所有人。

### 没有临时专利这样的东西

临时专利申请仅用于确保发明的提早申请日期。在此日期之前的任何公开披露都对发明不利。临时申请到期前需要提交完整的申请，也就是一年。

还可以选择提交专利合作条约申请。它将要求临时申请的优先权，临时申请的申请日被视为在后申请的申请日。

### 没有国际专利这种东西

专利是一种地域性权利。如果需要在某个国家/地区获得专利保护，则需要在该国家/地区提交专利申请。

但是，有一种国际专利申请，称为 PCT 申请。 PCT 申请不会导致可强制执行的专利，但保留了申请人在许多国家提交相应专利申请的权利。提交 PCT 申请有很多好处。一种是在必须在许多不同的国家单独提交专利申请之前，进行实质性检索，从而尽早表明发明的新颖性和创造性。

### 受专利保护的产品不必如此标记

南非不要求对专利物品进行标记。企业家在决定复制产品之前应该评估潜在的专利格局。不将物品标记为专利的一个缺点是竞争者不会被告知专利的存在，如果专利成为侵权诉讼的标的，这限制了损害赔偿的最终计算。

### 拥有专利并不赋予专利持有人经营的自由

自由操作分析是确定特定行为（例如制造或销售产品）是否可以在不侵犯另一方专利的情况下进行。

专利持有人拥有一项发明专利这一事实并不意味着他们将自动拥有制造、使用或销售该发明的权利。具有新颖性和创造性的发明可以获得专利，但该发明属于更广泛的现有专利的保护范围。例如，如果一项专利要求保护特征 A、B 和 C 的组合，那么如果一个人的行为包括所有特征，则该人将侵犯该专利。尽管添加特征 D 可能构成可授予专利的发明，但 A、B、C 和 D 的组合将构成对在先专利的侵权。

如果不做正确的功课，带着“新”或专利产品进入市场最终可能是一项代价高昂的工作。产品的实施、制造和分销涉及巨额成本，如果产品或物品属于现有专利的范围，这些成本可能全部为零。