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南非：保护我们的重要传统

# 南非：保护我们的重要传统

斯普尔和费舍尔
- 15 10 月 2019

### 土著知识的广义定义是在土著社区内发展起来的知识，随着时间的推移，这些知识已成为该特定文化的组成部分。

南非拥有丰富的传统知识，因其人民的传统而生机勃勃。这种传统知识以各种形式表现出来——药物、治疗、自然资源知识和技术诀窍。与这一概念相似并相关的是土著文化表达——这广义上意味着文化内容也在社区内随着时间的推移而发展，包括音乐、语言和艺术的表达。

各种形式的土著知识和表达可以成为知识产权的主体。例如，由天然资源配制的药物或药物的新配方有资格获得专利保护；以新的和原创的方式编织的篮子或物品有资格作为设计或受版权保护；音乐、艺术或文学作品有资格获得版权保护；在某些情况下，用于营销产品的具有本土起源的词在某些情况下可以作为商标获得保护。

知识产权是一种资产，为业主提供了利用其财产的途径，就像房主可以通过将其出租给他人来利用其财产权一样。在南非，很少向小企业主、传统社区或个人创作者提供有关如何利用他们的创造力或传统表达方式的教育。

多年来，第三方使用了多种形式的土著知识和表达，而没有或很少向创造这些表达形式或知识的土著社区提供补偿。作为回应，世界上许多国家已经开始向传统社区提供保护，以便他们能够从他们的传统知识中受益。

南非通过了 2013 年第 28 号知识产权法修正案，以承认和保护某些传统和土著表达形式。该法案的条款定义了诸如“土著文化表现形式或知识”、“地理标志”和“土著社区”等概念。简而言之，该法案旨在保护土著表达的形式，并确保在第三方使用此类表达时与社区进行协商和/或补偿。通过本法设立了各种征收机构和机构，以促进这种补偿和管理。由于与该法案有关的规定尚未通过成为法律，该法案是否会帮助创作者还有待观察。

毫无疑问，为了股东的利益，文化和土著表达和知识的形式应该受到保护。但目前，重要的是让人们了解通过现有的知识产权法律和制度保护文化表达的方法是很重要的。

尽管各种知识产权的许多定义不允许保护文化表达形式，但仍有灵活性的空间。例如，要获得专利保护，一项发明必须是全新的，并且在全世界范围内。由于一种本土药物可能已经存在了几个世纪并且为许多人所知，这使其失去了作为专利保护的资格。但是，如果配方是由社区制造、装瓶和打上品牌的，那么该品牌和包装就有空间通过版权和商标受到保护。该产品和/或相关知识产权可以由社区为其成员的利益进行销售或许可。

*本文首次发表于《商业日》。*